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Historic Dates

Ca. 1800 BC   Earliest documented impact of anthropogenic air pollution on human beings.  The Beauty of Loulan’s lungs were extensively damaged by sand dust and campfire smoke.

Ca. 500 BC     Lao Tzu states impact of man on environment, including air quality.

Ca. 300 AD     Local Roman magistrate passes laws regulating certain sources of air pollution in York, England.  (breweries, meat slaughtering)

1180 -             Moses Maimonides - Describes air pollution in cities and its effects on man.

1272 -             Edward I - Banned use of "sea coal ".  Parliament ordered punishment by torturing and hanging of people who sold and burned the outlawed coal.

1390 (?) -        Richard II - Regulated and restricted use of coal in London.

1420 (?) -        Henry V - Ditto.

1661 -              John Evelyn - Earliest extant treatise on air pollution.  "Fumifugium; or the Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke of London Dissipated; Together with Some Remedies Humbly Proposed".

1692 -             Robert Boyle - " a General History of the Air ", mentions "nitros or salino-sulphureous spirits".

1772 -             Hales- Analysis of dew and rain, noted that "the air is full of acid and sulphurus particles".

1734 -             Linne (Sweden) - Studied effects of an iron smelter on local air.

1775 -             Sir Percival Pott - Intuited that soot has a carcinogenic component causing high incidence of cancer of the scrotum in chimney sweeps.

1852 -             Robert Angus Smith - Noted three zones of air pollution; fields and open country with carbonate and ammonia, ammonium sulfate in suburbs, and acid sulfate and sulfuric acid in town.

1854-56 -        Austria, Germany - Enacted laws against pollution with specific exemptions for air and water!

1872 -              Robert Angus Smith - "Air and Acid Rain: The Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology" - First use of the term "acid rain".

1895 -             Earliest known US air pollution law making illegal the "showing of visible vapor" as exhaust from steam automobiles.

1911 -             Crowther and Ruston - Tie together acid rain and combustion.

1956 -             British Clean Air Act

1963 -             US Clean Air Act (CAA)

1965 -             Title II (US CAA) Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act

1977 -             Amendments to CAA look for carcinogenic materials (POMS, PNAs).

1980 -             US/Canada Memorandum of Intent to develop a bilateral approach to the acid rain problem.

1987 -             Montreal protocol to reduce CFC production (ozone destruction in upper atmosphere)

1990 -             Clean Air Act Amendments addressing Acid Rain, Alternative fuels
 

 

Killer Fogs and Other Events

1873 -              London, England -- 268 deaths

1930 -              Meuse Valley, Belgium -- December, three day fog, 60 deaths, hundreds ill.

1931 -              Manchester, England -- January, nine day fog with 592 deaths.

1948 -              Donora, Pennsylvania -- Long-term epidemiological effects noted and hundreds ill during extended fog.  Estimate 20 excess deaths in 12 hours.[1]

1952 -              London, England -- December 5-8, 4,000 estimated deaths.

1956 -              London, England -- December, 1,000 estimated deaths.

1966 -              New York, New York - 168 excess deaths.

1984 -              Bhophal, India – 2000+ deaths, Led to the California toxics legislation

1991 -              London, England – High levels of NO2 for four days.  Estimated 160 excess deaths

[1] Devra Lee Davis, “Backs to the Future... Air Pollution Risks to Children”, Environmental Management, Air and Waste Management Assoc., Feb 2000, pg 31ff.  NOTE: Fog began on October 23.  On October 30 so many people died that the local funeral home ran out of coffins, and the community center had been turned into a temporary morgue.


Last Update 11/03/2009